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Cakes are bakery products that are rich in sugar, fat and eggs, and can be accompanied with a wide variety of inclusions like fruits and flavors.

Sugar Cookies

Also known as Nazareth’s cookie

What is a Sugar Cookie?

Sugar cookies are one of the most popular and classic treats consumed in the United States. They are commonly made from sugar, butter, flour, eggs, vanilla and a leavening agent such as baking soda or baking powder, depending on the sugar type. Sugar cookies are usually decorated with frosting, sugar icings and sprinkles before consumption.1

Origin

The long history of manufacturing sugar cookies dates back to the 7th century in Persia. However, sugar cookies as known today were first made by Protestan settlers in the Nazareth colony in Pennsylvania in the 17th century. They were baked in the shape of the state symbol, a keystone.2

Currently, sugar cookies are commonly made by home bakers, supermarkets  and industrial bakeries.

Ingredients

Sugar cookies are made with the following ingredients (based on 100% flour):1,3

Ingredient Function Usage level (Baker’s percentage)
Sugar
  • Provides sweetness
  • Aids in the creaming of fats
  • Contributes to cookie spread
  • Provides color, through Maillard browning reaction
  • Coarse sugar granules provide a chewier cookie, while fine sugar granules provide a crispier cookie
 30 – 48%
Butter or shortening
  • Imparts tenderness and mouthfeel
  • Lubricates dough
  • Aids in air incorporation during creaming
  • Aids in shelf-life stability
  • Provides a rich buttery flavor
 13 – 35 %
Flour
  • Provides structure
  • Absorbs liquids, and aids in ingredients biding
  • imparts color by providing substrate for Maillard’s browning reaction
  • Low protein flour are commonly used for cookies, to reduce gluten formation
 100%
Eggs
  • Provide structure
  • Emulsifiers
  • Provide rich flavors
  • Yolks impart unique  color due to  carotenoids as well as  egg proteins contribution to Maillard’s browning reaction
 2 – 5%
Vanilla
  • Provides a characteristic sweet  flavor
Leavening Agents
  • Leaven by gas production
  • Tenderize by stretching wall cells of baked goods
  • Provide a finer crumb
 0.35 – 0.5 %

Nutrition

Typical nutritional value of commercial basic sugar cookies per 100 g:4

Component Grams
Carbohydrate 66.67
Fat 21.88
Water 9.37
Protein 2.08

Sugar cookies contribute 468 kcal per 100 g, making it a highly caloric product. The high sugar and high saturated fats in sugar cookies may have an undesirable contribution to increased risk of diabetes and obesity.4

Commercial production

Sugar cookies are industrially produced through the following process:1

  • First mixing: butter and sugar are mixed for creaming followed by addition of the rest of the wet ingredients.
  • Second mixing: flour is added to the wet mixture in the batch mixer.
  • Sheetting and forming: the dough is flattened into an even thickness sheet with gauging rolls, and subsequently the cookie sheet is cut into the appropriate shape with an interchangeable roll or cutter.
  • Baking: cookies are baked in a band or traveling oven.
  • Cooling: two-tier cooling conveyors are used to cool baked cookies for 20 – 25 minutes.
  • Packaging

Processing conditions

Some processing conditions to consider when making sugar cookies:1

  • Temperature: optimal quality cookies are typically baked at 190 oC (374 oF).
  • Mixing and kneading: cookie dough requires minimum kneading time to avoid gluten development.
  • Thickness: increasing cookie thickness results in higher spread factor.
  • Baking time: cookies baking time is typically 13 – 15 min.

Regulations

Sugar cookies made with GRAS ingredients do not have an established FDA regulation aside from the labeling of commonly consumed amounts per occasion of 30 g.5

In the EU, sugar cookies do not have a specific regulation and are recognized as safe for human consumption.

References

  1. Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. Cereal grains: properties, processing, and nutritional attributes. CRC press, 2016.
  2. Smith, Andrew, and Bruce Kraig, eds. The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, 2013.
  3. Figoni, P. How Baking Works: Exploring The Fundamentals Of Baking Science. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
  4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, 01 April 2019. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/561213/nutrients . Accessed 07 December 2020.
  5. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). US Department of Health and Human Services. CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 101 Food Labeling ,https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=101.12  , Accessed 07 December 2020

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